Stage 3 · Yaʿqūb al-Qirqisānī (10th c.)

Kitāb al-Anwār wa'l-Marāqib: Discourse V · Ch. 21: The twenty-first chapter regarding what is included under the category of “carrying.”

Discourse V: The Torah's Legal Commandments

Kitāb al-Anwār wa'l-Marāqib in the original Judeo-Arabic, with a working English translation by Eliyahu Freedman (working draft). Hover a phrase to see its English light up; tap any word for a gloss.

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When Scripture prohibits us from carrying in order to remove or enter, it includes in addition to the prohibition of carrying with our bodies the prohibition of carrying on our animals for ourselves and others additionally, according to the verse (Genesis 31:17) “Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon the camels.” And similarly on water, like a ship and what is similar, according to the verse (Genesis 7:17) “And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth.” And from this it is forbidden additionally to swim, since swimming is carrying ourselves on the water.

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And we already said that prohibited carrying applies to what is external to the body, and thus the category “burden” is removed from things not of this nature for they are not forbidden upon us like (Genesis 18:2) “and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth,” (Leviticus 9:22) “And Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people, and blessed them; and he came down from offering the sin-offering, and the burnt-offering, and the peace-offerings,” (Deuteronomy 24:15) “In the same day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD and it be sin in thee,” (Genesis 32:21) “and ye shall say: Moreover, behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us.' For he said: 'I will appease him with the present that goeth before me, and afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept me'” and everything that is similar to this, since raising one’s view in order to see is not prohibited, nor is lifting one’s hands for prayer and what is similar to this, nor is lifting one’s self out of desire or modesty or respect for one who deserves this.

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And if one asks regarding the amount that is permitted to carry inside one’s home, we say to him this is something that we don’t find a precise way to measure the amount, apart from that it it is permitted to carry anything that is not burdensome. And according to our view, this differs between people according to their respective strength. And this notion does not apply to us and not others, but rather applies to everyone and we are not able to answer more than what we have said, and this issue is known through trial and observation.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.