Stage 3 · Yaʿqūb al-Qirqisānī (10th c.)

Kitāb al-Anwār wa'l-Marāqib: Discourse I — The Book's Opening

كتاب الأنوار والمراقب — The Book of Lights and Watchtowers

The opening of the great 10th-century Karaite summa, in its original Arabic (ed. Nemoy, Yale 1939–43, vol. I; orthography lightly normalized). Qirqisānī lays down the manifesto that governs the whole book: religious obligations must be reached by baḥth (inquiry) and naẓar (rational speculation), and the truth is to be accepted from whoever holds it — Rabbanite, ʿAnanite, or anyone else — even a view no one ever held before. He defends reason against the Karaites who fear it, praises Daniel al-Qūmisī, and explains why sectarian rancour drove him to compose the work — closing on Psalm 119. Note: this text is in Arabic script (not Hebrew-letter Judeo-Arabic); hover a phrase to light up its English, tap any word for the panel, and tap the dotted key terms for notes.

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Discourse I · Chapter 1: The Book's Opening

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[...I know neither ʿAnan nor] Benjamin nor any other of this sect — for they are dissenters who arose among the nations. I know only Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai, who are the root, and who were close to prophecy,

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and who took from the prophets and transmitted from them; they are the masters of the language, and they are the majority and the multitude.

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Should someone object that this deserves to be said more than of one who attaches ʿAnan to the Rabbanites and treats the fundamentals as they do — that is not permissible. Rather, the obligations must be arrived at through inquiry and speculation.

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Whatever speculation makes necessary and inquiry leads tothat is what must be adopted, from the words of whoever it may be: whether the Rabbanites, or ʿAnan, or anyone else.

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Indeed — even if there appeared to the inquiring speculators a view that no one had ever held, accepting it would be obligatory, provided no objection stands against it and no flaw attaches to it.

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As for the other group, those who count themselves among the Karaitesamong them are the Persians, such as a circle of the Tustarīs and those who incline to them.

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For they — despite their show of, and claim to, inquiryfault anyone who speculates on the intelligible, that is, on any of the 'outer' sciences, whether dialectic or philosophy.

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Two things cut them off from this: the first is laziness about seeking such knowledge, its difficulty for them, and the wish to rest from toil;

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the second is that some of them imagine that speculating on the intelligible corrupts whoever engages in it and drives him out of religion — for they claimed to have seen people who pursued it whose faith had been ruined.

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This is the source of the suspicion and the charge: their saying this makes the hearer suppose that the intelligible opposes religion, conflicts with it, and is at odds with it. Yet if that were so, then religion itself would stand discreditedand that is the height of absurdity.

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And we shall show that the intelligible is a foundation on which every claim is built and by which every science is derived.

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I have not seen anyone among those who profess speculation more sincere with himself than Daniel al-Qūmisī, nor anyone who gives speculation its due and renders what it deserves as he does.

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For everything that speculation disclosed to him, that inquiry led him to, and that proof made binding upon himhe moved over to it and adopted it.

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Yet a fault clung to him that lowered him in the eyes of some of our colleagues: his excess in hating the ʿAnanites and his setting himself against them in enmity.

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At first he used to exalt ʿAnan, mention him often in his books, and claim he was 'the chief of the enlightened'; later he came to call him 'the chief of the fools.' From one like him this is deeply unbecomingfor all his learning and ascetic piety.

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This too is one of the great afflictions that befall some of our colleagues: their setting upon one another and their bent toward hatred and enmity — and what most drives them to it is envy and the craving for leadership.

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It is just this that moved me to assemble and compose this book: I mean to set down in it a digest of the scholars' statements and their arguments.

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And I shall strive that it be midway between long-windedness and over-brevity: not too weighty for the learned, nor too subtle for the student.

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Upon the Creatorexalted be His majestyand upon all good I rely; and I beseech Him for what His servant and friend David, peace be upon him, besought when he said: 'Open my eyes, that I may behold wonders out of Your Torah. I am a stranger in the land; hide not Your commandments from me.' (Ps. 119:18–19)

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.