Stage 3 · Saadia Gaon (882–942)

Emunot v'Deot: III:6 · The Permitted & Forbidden

כתאב אלאמאנאת ואלאעתקאדאת — The Book of Beliefs and Opinions

Emunot v'Deot in the original Judeo-Arabic, with a working English translation by Eliyahu Freedman (working draft). Hover a phrase to see its English light up; tap any word for a gloss.

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If one asks: how did the magicians counter Moses' signs? — we say: the signs he performed were ten, the staff-turning and the nine others,

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and the Torah records that they countered him only in three. And even those three the Torah does not record in order to equate them with him —

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— rather, it recorded it to contrast his act with theirs. It made clear that Moses did something open and manifest, as God commanded, while they did something hidden and concealed.

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when uncovered, the trick became apparent, as it says about the three: 'The sorcerers did likewise with their secret arts' (Exod. 7:22). That word in the language denotes purely the hidden, covered, and wrapped thing,

— so when the Torah used the expression 'with their secret arts,' it made clear that this was to refute them, not to validate them.

Having established this principle, I need not specify in detail how they may have used trickery with small portions of the water and altered its color by dye,

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— except that such tricks cannot apply to large bodies of matter. What Moses did was to change the entirety of the Nile — estimated at forty parasangs in length —

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— all of it, in which no trick or subtlety is possible; rather, it is the act of the Almighty, the Wise, the Powerful, as it says: 'To Him who alone does great wonders, for His steadfast love endures forever' (Ps. 136:4).

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Another question: how was Jonah chosen for the mission yet fled from it, given that the Wise One does not choose someone who would defy Him?

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I say: I have examined the story of Jonah carefully. I find no text that explicitly states he did not discharge the first mission; yet neither do I find that he discharged it.

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Yet I hold it obligatory to believe this on the model of all messengers, and on the principle that the Wise One does not choose someone who would not discharge His mission.

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Rather, Jonah fled from the possibility of being sent again — for he reasoned that the first mission was warning, and a second would be threatening and warning of punishment, and he feared that if he warned them they would repent, the threat would pass, and he would be attributed with falsehood.

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So he left the city where the Creator had promised the prophecy would occur. He was not blameworthy, for his Lord had not told him 'I am sending you a second time.'

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Section 6. I shall now clarify the state of the sacred books. I say: from all that happened in the past, He selected for us accounts that would reform us toward His obedience, embedded them in His book, and attached to them His statutes.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.