Stage 3 · Moses Maimonides (1138–1204)

Moreh Nevukhim: Part II, Chapter 48 — All Causation Traces to God

דלאלה״ אלחאירין — The Guide of the Perplexed

The closing chapter of Part II: everything that happens has an immediate proximate cause, yet Scripture attributes all causation directly to God because every chain of causation ultimately terminates in the First Cause. This applies equally to natural events, human free actions, animal instinct, and pure chance — Scripture describes all of them as acts of God. The chapter concludes the entire treatment of prophecy and prepares the reader for Part III.

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IT is clear that everything produced must have an immediate cause which produced it; that cause again a cause, and so on, till we arrive at the First Cause of all things — the will and wisdom of God.

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After having heard this remark, listen to what I will explain in this chapter. The thing which I will explain is this: the prophets sometimes describe an event as directly caused by God, even when it has an immediate natural, voluntary, or accidental cause.

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As regards the immediate causes of things produced, it makes no difference whether these causes consist in substances, properties, freewill, or chance — they are all equally attributed to God.

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I will give instances of each kind. In natural events: And Jehoram came to Jezreel, and it rained: this means God sent the rain. Similarly, And the Lord appeared to Abraham.

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Events caused by man's freewill, such as war, the dominion of one nation over another, the instigation of one person against another — in this regard Scripture says: And God moved the spirit of Abimelech.

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The case that the will of an animal or its desire for some of its natural wants is the cause of an event: And the Lord commanded the fish, and it vomited out Jonah. God moved that fish to swallow Jonah.

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Events evidently due to chance are ascribed to God: e.g., in reference to Rebecca, Let her be thy master's son's wife, as the Lord hath spoken.

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This is as far as I can go in discussing the subject of prophecy, its allegories and its language. This is the sum of what I have said in this Part.

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Here concludes Part II of the Guide of the Perplexed; it is followed by Part III, which opens with a preface we have already explained, since Scripture speaks of it.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.

Scripture cited in this chapter