Stage 3 · Moses Maimonides (1138–1204)

Moreh Nevukhim: Part I, Chapter 28 — Regel (Foot)

דלאלהֵ אלחאירין — The Guide of the Perplexed

Regel ('foot') is equivocal: the limb itself ('foot for foot'); 'following in the train of' ('all the people that are at thy feet'); and causality ('the Lord hath blessed thee on my account'). So 'His feet shall stand on the Mount of Olives' (Zech 14:4) means the firmness of His causes — the wonders that will then appear, of which He is the agent. Both Targums dissolve the corporeality: Jonathan renders 'He shall reveal Himself in His might,' and Onkelos refers 'under His feet' to 'the throne of His glory' — the Shekhinah, a created light. (Maimonides closes by noting that the Targum only negates corporeality, leaving the figure's deeper sense conjectural — the on-disk source breaks off within this remark.) Hover a phrase to see its English light up; tap any word for a gloss; dotted words are key terms.

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Part One · Chapter Twenty-Eight — Regel

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Regel is an equivocal noun. It is the name of the foot: 'foot for foot' (Exod 21:24). And it falls also in the sense of following: 'get thee out, and all the people that are at thy feet' (Exod 11:8) — its meaning being 'those who follow thee.'

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And it falls also in the sense of causality: 'the Lord hath blessed thee on my account' (Gen 30:30) — 'because of me,' that is, 'for my sake'; for a matter that is for the sake of some thing makes that thing the cause of the matter. And this is of frequent use: 'at the pace of the work that is before me' (Gen 33:14); 'and at the pace of the children' (Gen 33:14).

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So His saying 'and His feet shall stand in that day upon the Mount of Olives' (Zech 14:4) — by it He means the firmness of His causes, that is, the wonders that will then appear in that place, of which He, may He be exalted, is the cause — I mean, their agent.

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And to this interpretation Jonathan ben Uzziel inclined, peace be upon him; he said: 'and He shall reveal Himself in His might in that day upon the Mount of Olives.' And thus he translates every limb of violence as 'His might,' since by all of them are intended the acts that issue from His will.

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As for His saying 'and under His feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone' (Exod 24:10), Onkelos's interpretation of it is what you already know: he made the pronoun of 'His feet' refer to the throne, and said: 'and under the throne of His glory.'

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Understand this, then marvel at how far Onkelos kept clear of corporeality and of everything leading to it, even by the most remote path; for he did not say 'and under His throne,' since had he ascribed the throne to Him in the sense understood at first glance, it would follow that He is seated upon a body, and corporeality would follow. So he ascribed the throne to His glory — I mean, to the Shekhinah, which is a created light.

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And likewise he said in the rendering of 'for a hand is upon the throne of the Lord' (Exod 17:16): he said, 'from before Him, the awe of whose Shekhinah is upon the throne of glory.' And so you find on the lips of the whole nation 'the throne of glory.'

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We have strayed from the aim of the chapter for the sake of something that will be made clear in other chapters; and I return to the aim of the chapter. As for the interpretation of Onkelos, you already know it; but the most it amounts to is the negation of corporeality, and it does not make clear to us what they apprehended, nor what this figure is meant to signify.

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And so in every place he does not address this deeper meaning, but only the negation of corporeality; for the negation of corporeality is a matter that is demonstratively necessary in belief, so one may decide it firmly and speak accordingly. But the elucidation of the meaning of the figure is a matter of conjectureit may be that this is the intent, or it may be something else.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.

Scripture cited in this chapter