Stage 3 · Moses Maimonides (1138–1204)

Moreh Nevukhim: Part I, Chapter 41 — Nefesh: Soul, Person, Life-Force, and the Will of God

דלאלהֵ אלחאירין — The Guide of the Perplexed

Chapter 41 examines the word nefesh (נפש), one of the most polysemous terms in biblical Hebrew. Maimonides counts five primary senses: (1) the animal soul — the life-principle common to all sentient beings; (2) blood — the material substrate of life; (3) the rational soul — the specifically human form; (4) that which remains of the human being after death; and (5) will or desire. The fifth sense is the hinge of the chapter. Whenever Scripture attributes nefesh to God — 'as it is in My heart and in My soul He shall do' (1 Sam 2:35); 'My soul does not desire their continuance' — Maimonides reads this as expressing divine will, not as asserting that God possesses a soul in any of the first four senses. A long philological note at the chapter's end explains a difficult verse in Judges (10:16) about God's 'soul being impatient with Israel's suffering,' showing how the idiom of the prophet Jonathan ben Uzziel diverged from this reading and why the alternative translation — reading nefesh as will — yields a far more coherent theological and contextual sense.

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Part One · Chapter Forty-One — Nefesh: Soul, Person, Life-Force, and the Will of God

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Nefesh is an equivocal term. It is the name for the animal soul common to every sentient being: 'in which is a living nefesh' (Gen 1:30). And it is also the name for blood: 'you shall not eat the nefesh with the flesh' (Deut 12:23). And it is also the name for the rational soul — I mean the human form: 'as the Lord lives, who made for us this nefesh' (Jer 38:16). And it is the name for that which remains of the human being after death: 'and the nefesh of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life' (1 Sam 25:29). And it is the name for will: 'to bind his princes at his nefesh' (Ps 105:22) — meaning: at his will. Similar to it: 'and do not deliver him to the nefesh of his enemies' (Ps 41:3) — meaning: do not surrender him to their will. Similar to it, in my view: 'if it is your nefesh to bury my dead' (Gen 23:8) — meaning: if this is your purpose and will. Similar to it: 'though Moses and Samuel stood before Me, My nefesh is not toward this people' (Jer 15:1) — meaning: I have no will toward them, that is: I do not desire their survival. And every mention of nefesh that comes attributed to God, exalted be He, is in the sense of will — as has already appeared to us in His saying, 'as it is in My heart and in My soul He shall do' (1 Sam 2:35) — meaning: according to My will and My purpose.

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According to this sense the interpretation of 'and His nefesh was impatient with the toil of Israel' (Judg 10:16) would be: and His will was restrained from making Israel suffer. This verse was not translated by Jonathan ben Uzziel at all, because he took it according to the first senseand from that an affection resulted, and he refrained from translating it. But if one takes it from this final sense, the interpretation becomes very clear, for the preceding text says that His providential care, exalted be He, had withdrawn from them until they went and cried out and He did not save them; then when they exerted themselves in repentance and their humiliation was great and the enemy prevailed over them, He had mercy on them and His will was restrained from the continuation of their suffering and their humiliation. Know that this is rare. The preposition bet in 'with the toil of Israel' stands in place of min ('from'), as if it were 'from the toil of Israel' — and the linguists have often observed such substitutions: 'the remainder in flesh and in bread shall stay' (Is 44:16) — 'shall stay' being read with bet as 'from'; and this is frequent.

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Scripture cited in this chapter