Stage 3 · Moses Maimonides (1138–1204)

Moreh Nevukhim: Part I, Chapter 40 — Ruach: Wind, Breath, Spirit, and the Divine Overflow

דלאלהֵ אלחאירין — The Guide of the Perplexed

Chapter 40 treats the Hebrew word ruach (רוח), which Maimonides identifies as carrying at least six distinct senses: (1) the element of air; (2) wind as atmospheric phenomenon; (3) the animal spirit — the vital breath that animates a living creature; (4) the residual part of the human being that survives death, which is not subject to corruption; (5) the divine intellectual overflow that descends upon the prophets, enabling their prophecy; and (6) purpose or will. The fifth sense is philosophically central to the chapter's place in the Guide. The divine ruach that rests upon the prophets is the same intellectual overflow (fayḍ ʿaqlī ilāhī) that Maimonides will later identify with the Active Intellect's emanation. The sixth sense — ruach as will or intent — allows Maimonides to read several passages about 'God's ruach' not as descriptions of a divine substance but as expressions of divine purpose ordering the cosmos. The chapter thus bridges the Guide's lexical survey with its later philosophical accounts of prophecy and divine governance.

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Part One · Chapter Forty — Ruach: Wind, Breath, Spirit, and the Divine Overflow

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Ruach is an equivocal term. It is the name for air — I mean the element, one of the four elements: 'and the spirit of God hovered' (Gen 1:2).

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And it is also the name for wind as it blows: 'the east wind carried the locusts' (Ex 10:13); 'the sea wind' (Ex 10:19) — and this is frequent.

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And it is also the name for the animal spirit: 'a breath that goes and does not return' (Ps 78:39); 'in which was the breath of life' (Gen 7:15).

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And it is also the name for that which remains of the human being after death, which is not subject to corruption: 'and the spirit returns to God who gave it' (Eccl 12:7).

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And it is also the name for the divine intellectual overflow that overflows upon the prophets, and by which they prophesy — as I shall explain to you when I speak of prophecy, with what befits mention in this part: 'I will take of the spirit that is upon you and will put it upon them' (Num 11:17); 'and it came to pass when the spirit rested upon them' (Num 11:25); 'the spirit of the Lord spoke by me' (2 Sam 23:2) — and this is frequent.

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And it is also the name for purpose and will: 'a fool lays bare all his spirit' (Prov 29:11) — meaning: his purpose and will. Similar to it: 'the spirit of Egypt shall be emptied from within it and I will swallow up its counsel' (Is 19:3) — meaning: its purposes will be shattered and its planning concealed. Similar to it: 'who has measured the spirit of the Lord, and what man of His counsel informs Him?' (Is 40:13) — meaning: who is it that knows the ordering of His will, or apprehends His governance of existence as it is, so as to inform us of it? — as we shall explain in chapters to come on governance.

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Every ruach attributed to God falls under the fifth sense, and some of them under the final sense, which is will — as I have explained. Each passage is to be interpreted according to what that text indicates.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.

Scripture cited in this chapter