Stage 3 · Moses Maimonides (1138–1204)

Moreh Nevukhim: Part I, Chapter 17 — Concealing Knowledge

דלאלהֵ אלחאירין — The Guide of the Perplexed

A methodological aside: not only metaphysics but much of physics, too, must be withheld from the multitude — 'nor the Account of Creation before two' (Hag. 2:1). This was the practice of the philosophers and the religious sages of antiquity, who veiled their teaching of the first principles and spoke of them in riddles: Plato called matter 'the female' and form 'the male.' If those who risked no harm from plain speech still resorted to borrowed names, how much more must we, the community of the religious, refrain from declaring openly what the multitude cannot grasp. Hover a phrase to see its English light up; tap any word for a gloss; dotted words are key terms.

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Part One · Chapter Seventeen — Concealing Knowledge

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Do not suppose that it is metaphysics alone that is to be withheld from the multituderather, most of physics as well. We have repeatedly cited to you the dictum: 'nor [expound] the Account of Creation before two' (Hag. 2:1).

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And this is not so among the people of the Law alone, but also among the philosophers and the religious scholars of antiquity: they would conceal their discourse on the first principles and cast it in riddles. Plato and those before him would call matter 'the female' and call form 'the male.'

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Now you know that the principles of generated, perishable beings are three: matter, form, and the particular privation that is always coupled to matter. Were privation not coupled to it, no form would ever come to be for itand in this respect privation is among the principles.

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When a form is attained, that privation lapsesI mean the privation of the form now attainedand another privation couples to the matter, and so on without end, as is shown in physics.

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So if those men, who risked no harm from plain explanation, would nonetheless borrow names and employ analogies in teaching, how much more must we, the community of the followers of the Law, refrain from declaring openly anything that the multitude cannot graspor that would make them imagine the truth of the matter to be the opposite of what we intend. Understand this too.

English is a working draft — alignment is sentence-by-sentence.

Scripture cited in this chapter